Dotcom编年史 番外二：代码“随时”发布

Footnotes#

1. CERN 超文本文档 1992 年 11 月 3 日快照中的 Ted Nelson and Xanadu 页，署 TBL，原话 “The Xanadu Operating Company is now owned by Autodesk, but the project continues. Code is due out “any time now”.”“He publishes it himself (I have a copy of LM 90.1 - TBL). This is essential reading as background, enthusiathm and ideas on hypertext.”；后来的版本（w3.org/Xanadu.html）改为 “The Xanadu Operating Company was owned for a while by Autodesk, but later dropped. (Not clear in 1993 what is going to happen there)”。两版对照见 Autodesk 1992 年撤出 Xanadu 与 CERN 同期对 Xanadu 的描述。引文为本文自译，下同。本文涉及的材料性质：1988 年以前的来历多是 Nelson 与同事的事后自述；Wired 1995 年长文是记者的事后叙述，Nelson 逐句反驳过；Autodesk 文件、Nielsen 1989 年行记、1999 年公告为同期文件；2014 年以后各节为同期报道与当事人、旁观者的自述。 ↩

2. 1960 年得到念头、1963 年选词、1965 年发表，据 Project Xanadu 1999 年 8 月 20 日的官方年表（页面标 xuHistory 99.08.20，未署个人名，从 Nelson 主页链入，视为项目与 Nelson 一方的自述）“1960: Ted Nelson gets the idea of hypertext. (Word chosen 1963, published 1965.)”与他 1998 年的自述页 Who I Am，均为事后自述。学历据同一自述页 “B.A., Philosophy, Swarthmore. 1959 / M.A., Sociology, Harvard, 1963”。哈佛第一年课程作业与“未完成”据 Wired 1995 年长文 “Hypertext was invented during his first year at Harvard, when Nelson attempted, as a term project, to create a “writing system” … Nelson failed to finish the coding, and had to take an incomplete for the course.”，记者叙述；Nelson 反驳页对这一段只否认“最早的实验性文字处理器”与“哈佛教授小圈子”两处，未否认作业与未完成。“hyper-text”首次印出据 Xanadu 澳大利亚存档的说明页，指瓦萨学院 Miscellany News 1965 年 2 月 3 日的报道，报纸原件本文未核。HTML 即 HyperText Markup Language，H 取自 hypertext，为通行事实。 ↩

3. 名字 1967 年选定与解释据 1999 年官方年表（同上）：“(Name “Xanadu” chosen 1967.)”“About the name: No, we did not get it from Olivia Newton-John.”“This poem’s tradition also associates the name “Xanadu” with memory and lost work, because Coleridge said he lost part of the poem due to a mundane interruption. We chose the name “Xanadu”, with all these connotations, to represent a magic place of literary memory and freedom, where nothing would be forgotten.” 1980 年电影《Xanadu》由 Olivia Newton-John 主演，见 Xanadu FAQ 第 7i 条 “The 1980 movie “Xanadu” starring Olivia Newton-John as a muse was also named after the Coleridge poem”。柯勒律治“被人打断”的说法是诗人在《忽必烈汗》序言里的自述，Wired 转述为 “As he was about to transcribe them, he was interrupted by a visitor”，本文只用作名字来源的说明。门牌据 Wired “On the door of his office at Memex was a sign that said: “S.T. Coleridge and Sons. Danger.””，记者 1994 年秋所见（同一个月他去 Gregory 家采访，“Last fall, I visited Gregory in Palo Alto”，文章刊于 1995 年 6 月）。 ↩

4. 《Computer Lib/Dream Machines》1974 年自费出版、1987 年由 Microsoft Press 再版，后者见 Autodesk 1988 年 4 月 8 日新闻稿 “(recently re-issued by Microsoft Press)”。1974 年前言 “Any nitwit can understand computers, and many do” 经 Wired 1995 年长文转引，本文未核原书；打字机贴版、自己送印、三分之一装订错页据同文，记者的叙述，Nelson 反驳页只否认“1200 页手稿”与“没有目录”，未否认印装经过。斯沃斯莫尔教书据 Wired “Swarthmore had offered him a nondepartmental position teaching his own work”，Nelson 反驳页提到 Miller “作为客座讲师在 Nelson 的课上”讲过，可为旁证；起止年份本文未核。 ↩

5. 1979 年斯沃斯莫尔之夏与人员名单据 Xanadu 官方年表 “1979: “Swarthmore summer” of specification and design amongst Ted, Roger Gregory, Mark Miller, Stuart Greene, Eric Hill, Roland King.”（事后自述）；Gregory 租房、Miller 暑假后升大四（“Mark Miller had returned to Yale to begin his senior year”；他十九岁是 1976 年初到 Nelson 课上讲话的时候，“In 1976, Mark Miller, an insecure 19-year-old”，此前各稿误作 1979 年十九岁）、“黄金时代”与 ““The summer went a little slower than we thought,” remembers Gregory.” 据 Gary Wolf，《The Curse of Xanadu》，Wired 3.06，1995 年 6 月（全文镜像），记者的事后叙述，含 1994 至 1995 年的采访；Nelson 的反驳见 Errors in “The Curse of Xanadu”，原话 “I am not aware that any of them considered themselves “disciples;” I certainly didn’t. We were friends.” 反驳页无日期，据文中“去年 10 月搬走，文章发表前六个月”推为 1995 年。 ↩

6. 设计要点据 Samuelson 与 Glushko 1991 年对 Xanadu 的分析（见 第三篇 脚注 samuelson）、Berners-Lee 1992 年页面对“唯一名字”与“版税”的概括（见 cern 脚注），以及 Nelson 1999 年文章的自述（见 paper99 脚注）：“two-way links which stay in place as documents change and move”“the unit of sale of content would not be the book or magazine but the sentence or paragraph, micropurchased”。造词年份据 Nelson 1998 年自述页 Who I Am：““hypertext” and “hypermedia” (1965)… “cybercrud” (ca. 1967)… “docuverse” (1981) / “transclusion” (1987) / “micropayment” (1992)”，本人事后自述；cybercrud 的释义是本文据其惯常用法的概括。《Literary Machines》版次据 93.1 版所列出版年份（1980 至 1993）与 Berners-Lee “LM 90.1” 的自注，本文未逐版核对内容。“我想是因为他怕旧词……”是本文的推想，所引“不是语言理论……”出自反驳页 “This is not a “theory of language,” it is a set of useful precepts for fast-changing conceptual environments.” “一环扣一环”是本文的判断。 ↩

7. XOC 1983 年由 Gregory 创立与“白银协议”见 Xanadu 官方年表 “XOC, Inc. was founded by Roger in 1983 to productize this work for the technical community. The infamous “Silver Agreement” of that year granted Nelson full rights to the networked publishing system in return for abandoning any authority over design, management or business arrangements not affecting the publishing system.”；Nelson 1999 年文章 “my own role was reduced to spokesman and eventually fall guy, by the so-called “Silver Agreement”, which barred me from a role in design or administration.”；反驳页 “the Silver Agreeement was crafted in 1983, because I demanded it, and it was incorporated into the Autodesk agreement in 1988 because I demanded it.”“the knock-down-drag-out meeting in 1983 that resulted in the Silver Agreement”“a conclave in the living room in San Antonio in 1983”，并称 Wired 把它系于 1988 年是 “A COMPLETELY INCORRECT STATEMENT, THOROUGHLY CONFOUNDING WOLF’S NARRATIVE”。Autodesk 1988 年 4 月 8 日新闻稿则说 “In 1979 Mr. Nelson joined with several others to found Xanadu Operating Company”，本文取 Nelson 与官方年表的 1983，并在此注明出入。“我猜 1983 年的他不觉得让出设计和管理是代价”是本文的推想，支点是协议由他要求、他保住的是出版系统的全部权利；“十六年后的账”按 1983 至 1999 计。“站在台下”是本文的比喻，据协议条款与他此后对外发言人的角色（见 nielsen89 脚注）。 ↩

8. 1987 年 10 月黑客大会与收购 80% 据 John Walker 编《The Autodesk File》第五版 Xanadu 一章编者按 “At the Hackers’ Conference in October 1987 I spoke to Roger Gregory, President of Xanadu Operating Company”“Autodesk would purchase 80% of Xanadu and fund the development of the product.”，编者按写于 1994 年前后。收购金额各方文件均未写；Xanadu FAQ 说 Autodesk 前后花了 “on the order of five million US dollars”，无 Autodesk 文件佐证，本文不用。John Walker，《Statement for the Autodesk/Xanadu Press Conference》，1988 年 4 月 8 日，收于同章，原话 “In 1964, Xanadu was a dream in a single mind. In 1980, it was the shared goal of a small group of brilliant technologists. By 1989, it will be a product. And by 1995 it will begin to change the world.”“it will take the Xanadu development team 18 months to field the first Xanadu system”；新闻稿《Autodesk Announces New Fellowship》，1988 年 4 月 8 日，Sausalito，原话 “Ted Nelson, maverick software designer, flamboyant legend, idealistic prognosticator, eloquent generalist, and now Distinguished Fellow at Autodesk. Ted Nelson is where he belongs.” 两者均为同期文件。“我猜他读这份稿子不会反感”是本文的推想，支点是反驳页 “My title was Autodesk Distinguished Fellow, thanks.” 与 1998 年自述页把 Walker 列为四位导师之一 “Mentors (aside from my family): Leo Rosten / Michael Scriven / Thomas C. Schelling / John Walker”。Walker 1988 年 6 月 10 日卸任董事长的告别辞说 “We expect to ship the first commercial Xanadu system in less than 18 months.”（Valedictory 一章）。 ↩

9. Jakob Nielsen，Hypertext’2 Trip Report，1989 年 7 月（同期报道，1997 年加注），原话 “One of the main elements in Nelson’s talk was his relief that he had finally been recognized by a major company in the form of Autodesk which had bought Xanadu and was going to release the Xanadu file system shortly.”“They are planning to release the product in the first quarter of 1990 in the form of software keeping track of addresses of information which is constantly moving around.”“[Note added 1997: of course, we now know that Xanadu remained vaporware for many years after these projections.]” 会议为 Hypertext’2，1989 年 6 月底在约克举行。 ↩

10. Mark Stiegler 为 Autodesk 员工，1992 年撤资时离开 Autodesk 加入 AMIX 与 Xanadu，见 Bartz 员工附言 “Mark Stiegler, who is an Autodesk employee, has chosen to leave Autodesk and officially join AMIX and Xanadu.”；他在 1988 至 1992 年间的职务，本文据 Wired 的叙述为 Xanadu 的管理者，未核。88.1 与 92.1 的命名由来见 Xanadu 官方年表 “Udanax Green (formerly Xanadu 88.1, for its time of near-completion and shelving), Udanax Gold (formerly Xanadu 92.1, for the intended delivery date)”；Miller 为首席设计师见 Xanadu FAQ “Work continued with Mark Miller as chief designer.”；“管地址、版本和链接的服务器”是本文据 Nielsen 1989 年所记与 Autodesk 1992 年新闻稿所列功能的概括，88.1 当年能演示什么，同期材料里没有记录。Xanadu Technologies — An Introduction，Udanax.com 与 Project Xanadu 1999 年 8 月 23 日的联合披露，原话 “Udanax Green ran on a small scale, but development was stopped in favor of an improved design, the less-finished Udanax Gold”“Design of 92.1 began in 1988. … The group chose to maintain identical parallel code in a carefully-chosen mutual subset of Parc Place Smalltalk and C++”；Xanadu FAQ（Andrew Pam 维护，1.56 版，2002 年）“The 1981 design (now called Xanadu 88.1) was topped off but Miller began a redesign. Xanadu 88.1 was not subjected to quality control or released as a product.”；Wired 原话 “Gregory got far enough to send an alpha version out to some users to examine. They examined it. It was broken.”““I had something that was within six months of shipping.”” 换设计的时点 1988 年据 1999 年技术说明，是事后自述；1988 至 1991 年 Autodesk 方面关于 Xanadu 进度的同期文件，《The Autodesk File》里没有。 ↩

11. Walker 1992 年 3 月 26 日访谈记录，收于《The Autodesk File》MicroTimes 一章，原话 “Xanadu’s great today, but it’s about 100 times too slow. Well, time will solve that.”；股价与 Bartz 上任据 Wired “From its high of more than $60 in 1991, Autodesk had dropped to 23 1/2 by mid-February 1992.”“by April, Autodesk had found a new person to take charge”；1992 年 8 月 20 日新闻稿与员工附言收于 Farewell, Xanadu 一章，原话 “announced today, Thursday, August 20, at 1:20 p.m. PDT”“Both AMIX and Xanadu are important companies with exciting futures, but they do not fit into Autodesk’s core business.”“Autodesk has officially given notice that it will sever it ties to AMIX and Xanadu at the end of 30 days.” 均为同期文件。 ↩

12. 三十天里的经过没有同期文件，均据 Wired 1995 年长文：“The programmers vacated their Palo Alto offices and moved into Dean Tribble’s home.”“Roger Gregory and Ted Nelson now owned about half the company.”“When Marc Stiegler left Xanadu, Jonathan Shapiro became CEO of the newly independent company.”（Shapiro 起初是被请来写文档的，“was hired to write documentation”）“Shapiro believed he could get Xanadu into a deal with Kinko’s or another publisher within 30 days.”““The reaction,” Nelson says, “was as if I had set fire to the curtains.””“Kinko’s senior management had stopped returning phone calls, most of Autodesk’s transitional funding had been spent on lawyers fees”““This feeling came over me - my God, they are not going to do it,” he says. “I had believed them all this time.””；Nelson 反驳页原话 “Mr. Wolf seems to have no idea what my lifelong dream is, though I have made no secret of these matters. To have Xanadu eaten by Kinko’s was not it.”“I believe I told Wolf not summer but February of 1992.” 反驳页对 Kinko’s 经过、董事会之争、律师费未作否认或确认。关于 Shapiro，Wired 原话 “To Nelson, Shapiro was “an asshole.””，反驳页原话 “Excuse me, but I greatly respect Shapiro as a professional. … But he and I strongly disagreed on what to do next, and Mr. Shapiro is highly confrontative. Well, maybe we both are.”“月份他改了，那句话他没有改”是本文的读法。 ↩

13. Memex 与人员去向据 Wired “When Memex offered to license the technology and hire some of the employees to complete it, Miller, Tribble, and Pandya … signed on. Gregory, while remaining a large shareholder of Xanadu Operating Company, did not go to work at Memex.”“It was the same building that had housed Xanadu during the years it was supported by Autodesk.”；Xanadu FAQ “Rights to continued development of the XOC server were licensed to Memex, Inc. of Palo Alto, California and the trademark “Xanadu” was re-assigned to Nelson.”“1993: Nelson re-thought the whole thing and respecified Xanadu publishing as a system of business arrangements. Minimal specifications for a publishing system were created under the name “Xanadu Light”, and Andrew Pam of Serious Cybernetics in Melbourne, Australia was licensed to continue development as Xanadu Australia.”“1994: Nelson was invited to Japan and founded the Sapporo HyperLab.” FAQ 为 Pam 所写的项目自述，本文视为当事人一方的说法。Gregory 后来受雇据 Wired “after the remnants of the Autodesk team scattered, Charlie Smith hired Roger Gregory to finish the Xanadu software”，时在 1994 年 11 月底程序员从 Memex 办公室搬走机器、又被迫送回之后；“闹翻散了伙”是本文对这段经过的概括。“三样东西”是本文的概括。 ↩

14. Xanadu 官方年表原话 “(In 1992, Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web as a text-based 1-way hypertext system. Ca. 1994, NCSA introduced the Mosaic browser (designed by Marc Andreessen), which added graphics directly into the pages. In late 1994 it began to really take off, at exactly the speed and timetable Nelson had predicted in 1990— for the Xanadu publishing system.)”，年表标 99.08.20，事后自述；本专栏前几篇所核为 1991 年 8 月发布、1993 年 1 月 Mosaic 首版。Nielsen，The History of Hypertext，1995 年 2 月（摘自其 1995 年著作），原话 “It is interesting to contemplate the fact that Mosaic and the WWW more or less succeeded in establishing a universal hypertext system in just three years, even though Ted Nelson could not get his Xanadu system accepted in thirty years of trying.” ↩

15. Gary Wolf，《The Curse of Xanadu》，Wired 3.06，1995 年 6 月，本文用网络镜像，全文分十七章。导语原话 “Ted Nelson’s Xanadu project was supposed to be the universal, democratic hypertext library that would help human life evolve into an entirely new form. Instead, it sucked Nelson and his intrepid band of true believers into what became the longest-running vaporware project in the history of computing - a 30-year saga of rabid prototyping and heart-slashing despair. The amazing epic tragedy.”；第一句 “I said a brief prayer as Ted Nelson - hypertext guru and design genius - took a scary left turn through the impolite traffic on Marin Boulevard in Sausalito.”，随后 ““I’ve been compiling a catalog of driving maneuvers,” he said. “It’s one of my unfinished projects.””；定性一句在第一章第五段开头，“Xanadu, a global hypertext publishing system, is the longest-running vaporware story in the history of the computer industry. It has been in development for more than 30 years.”（此前各稿误作文章第一句，2026-09-14 更正）。vaporware 通译“雾件”，指宣布了却迟迟不出货的软件，正文译作“光打雷不下雨”。“many conversations” 见 “During one of our many conversations”；“Among people who consider themselves insiders, Nelson’s Xanadu is sometimes treated as a joke, but this is superficial. Nelson’s writing and presentations inspired … John Walker - to pour millions of dollars and years of effort into the project.”；“his tiny attention span … Nelson records everything and remembers nothing. Xanadu was to have been his cure. To assist in the procedure, he called upon a team of professionals, some of whom also happened to be his closest friends and disciples. In the end, the patient survived the operation. But it nearly killed the doctors.” Nelson 反驳页对“注意力”与“记性”一类描写逐条表示不满，如 “My tapes are NOT coextensive with my waking life, but a small subset.”，并称文中把 Xanadu 说成疯狂的症状 “gratuitously nasty and incomprehensible”。““What the Web is doing is easy,” Miller answered.”“There is no transclusion.”“Nelson, who recently moved to Japan, sleeps in the afternoon and works all night, so I called him at 5 a.m. Sapporo time.”“Nelson’s response to the Web was “nice try.””““It will be finished,” Nelson added. “The only question is which decade.””（原文 “nice try” 为小写，节名与正文按作者定稿写作 “Nice Try”） “Last fall, I met Mark Miller in a deserted Thai restaurant near the old Xanadu offices. We sat together for several hours, listening to the faint repetitive rumbling of a bowling alley next door.”“we fell to talking about the World Wide Web.”（“Last fall” 按文章 1995 年 6 月刊出推为 1994 年秋）“I asked Miller if the Internet was accomplishing his dreams for hypertext.”“After my talk with Miller, I called Ted Nelson in Sapporo, Japan.”“Still, Miller conceded that the Web’s existence means that it must be accepted as the basis for a better form of hypertext.”“He said it is a trivial simplification of his hypertext ideas, though cleverly implemented. And he has not entirely given up hope for the old Xanadu code.”“It will be finished” 在原文里接的是这句旧代码，指 Xanadu，不指 Web（此前各稿接在 “nice try” 后面，读来像指 Web，2026-09-15 更正）。 ↩

16. Nelson，Errors in “The Curse of Xanadu,” by Gary Wolf，原话 “This is a new media era. The subject can talk back rather freely now. Let’s try it.”“My original intention here was to stick with the correction of hard-edged factual errors, but there are so many carefully concocted edge cases of marginal phrasing in “The Curse of Xanadu” that I may as well cover all that I see, in sequence.”“PARAGRAPH 1: four errors of fact. Good start.”“Note that “Xanadu” is a registered U.S. trademark.”（反驳页标题下的第一句）；“Sentence 1: There is no Marin Boulevard in Sausalito. He means Bridgeway.”“My envelopes are not “amputated by a hired printer.” I do it myself.”，Wired 原文是说他用信封改成的文件夹 “begin their lives as 8 1/2-by-11-inch envelopes, are amputated en masse by a hired printer”；“Ah yes, ever the parasite.”“Presumably I spoke too? Or did I just wave my hands?”“Thank you, Mr. Wolf, for so quickly qualifying what came dangerously close to being a compliment.”“Perhaps confusing to Mr. Wolf, the neatness freak.”“This is a pretty seriously out-of-context quote. I have great respect for the Web and great personal liking for Tim Berners-Lee.”“the software of today’s computer world I find revolting. If others like it, fine, but I’m still waiting for the way I think it ought to be, and still working toward that goal.”；记者写 “Nelson lacked the technical knowledge”，他的回答是一个词 “Bullshit.”，正文按本专栏不印粗口的规矩略去。电台访谈见 Jim Whitehead，Orality and Hypertext: An Interview with Ted Nelson，1995 年 6 月，答“算不算诽谤”“Not almost, definitely”。“我猜他这样一条条挑，是因为那篇文章最伤人的判断没法一句话驳倒”是本文的推想，支点是反驳页逐条纠正的多为事实细节、对“拖得最久”的定性未作反驳，以及全大写一行、粗口与电台答问；“骄傲一点没少”据同页对今天软件的评价。 ↩

17. Nelson，《Xanalogical structure, needed now more than ever: parallel documents, deep links to content, deep versioning, and deep re-use》，ACM Computing Surveys 31(4es)，1999 年 12 月；本文用作者网页版（标 99.08.19，“tentatively accepted”），原话 “the World Wide Web is a delivery system for separate closed units— a system which allows only embedded links pointing outward. This is simple but naive— creating a tangle of ever-breaking one-way links, breaking whenever documents are moved or modified.”“For political and epidemiological reasons, the World Wide Web has taken the niche that the Xanadu project was aiming for.”“We were working for a much better world. In other words, the World Wide Web is precisely what we were trying to prevent.”“some seem to think that our software concepts were invalid because we did not deliver product. This is absurd. The project suffered from the “too many cooks” syndrome at both design and administrative level. (Everyone believed the project was important, and there was a good deal of jockeying to influence or control it.)”“XOC, Inc. retained the rights to the software as developed under Autodesk, and has now officially decided to make this code available under Open Source.” 刊出版文字可能与网页版有出入；网页版页面标题作 “Xanalogical Structure: Now More Than Ever”，文内大标题作 “Xanalogical Media: Needed Now More Than Ever”，正文按刊出版题名译。庆应大学任教据 Xanadu FAQ “1996: Nelson became a Professor of Environmental Information at the Shonan Fujisawa Campus of Keio University.” “设计本身他一个字没改”是本文的读法。 ↩

18. Andrew Pam，MAJOR ANNOUNCEMENT! XANADU CODE RELEASED!，xanews 列表，1999 年 8 月 24 日 03:40（墨尔本时间，即太平洋时间 23 日上午），原话 “whose board of directors voted last week to become “udanax.com””“The Xanadu secret code previously known as Xanadu 88.1 and 92.1 is today being released on the web at http://udanax.xanadu.com/ as Open Source under the names “Udanax Green” and “Udanax Gold”. There will be a press conference at the O’Reilly Open Source Conference in Monterey California at 1:30pm today, followed by a talk and presentation by Ted Nelson and Ka-Ping Yee at 5pm and a BOF session with Roger Gregory at 9pm.”；udanax.com 首页 “Opening Monday August 23, 1999”“keeping this work under trade secret seemed both standard and prudent. Today the world is very different.”；许可证页 “are hereby open-sourced under the MIT X-11 License.”；技术说明 “The Udanax Green code is in C.”“Xanadu 92.1 was still unfinished when Autodesk dropped the Xanadu project in 1992.”；Dave Winer，Ted Nelson Returns，1999 年 8 月 24 日，“the only other reporter was from Upside”“I asked him if the software really works. He said it does.”；Graham Lea，The Register，1999 年 8 月 27 日，“unusable by those who haven’t lived through its history”“trying to fix HTML is like trying to graft arms and legs onto a hamburger.” 均为同期文件或同期报道。“二十年里他是唯一一直在的人”据 1979 年租房、1983 年创办 XOC、1999 年主持讨论三事，Memex 时期他中途离开又回来，是本文的概括。“商业化的白旗”是作者的判断，支点是首页“把这项工作当作商业秘密保护……今天的世界很不一样了”一句与 X11 许可证不收费、不限用途的条款，Udanax 方面没有这样说。 ↩

19. Alex Hern，World’s most delayed software released after 54 years of development，《卫报》2014 年 6 月 6 日，原话 “which was released without fanfare at an event at California’s Chapman University in late April”“The version released on the internet, named OpenXanadu, is a simple document created using quoted sections from eight other works, including the King James Bible and the Wikipedia page on Steady State Theory.”“the directions warn users “don’t touch the mouse!””““We screwed up in the 1980s, and missed our chance to be world wide hypertext (the web got that niche). However, we can still compete with PDF, which simulates paper, by showing text connections.”” 文中未注明 Nelson 这段话出自采访还是项目网页。发布日期 4 月 24 日与程序员 Nicholas Levin 据 kottke.org 2014 年 6 月 5 日的转述，本文未见 Xanadu 方面的发布公告。“左右并排，中间画着线”据《卫报》配图与 Nelson 一贯的“parallel pages, visibly connected”说法。“他认下的是八十年代，没有认下设计”是本文的读法，支点是同一段话后半句仍说能和 PDF 竞争。 ↩

20. Ted Nelson，THE JACKAL’S CURSE: A FEATURE-LENGTH REPLY to “THE CURSE OF XANADU”，频道 TheTedNelson，页面元数据标上传时间 2020 年 8 月 22 日，时长 6105 秒；简介原话 “‘The Curse of Xanadu’, by Gary Wolf, is full of distortions if not outright lies.”“The Jackal’s 1995 attack in Wired Magazine still spreads its poison. We consider some of his nasties and seemingly deliberate untruths, and ask why the magazine chose to act with such viciousness against both Ted Nelson and Roger Gregory.”“This is the fuller reply, recorded in December 2013 at Chapman University.” 英文维基百科把这段视频系于 2019 年，本文取视频简介与页面元数据。视频内容本文未逐段看完，正文只用标题与简介。“十八年”按 1995 至 2013 计。 ↩

21. Gwern Branwen，Project Xanadu: Even More Hindsight，页面标 2025 年 5 月 5 日完成，作者本人对 2024 年 12 月派对的记述，原话 “a celebration of the 50th anniversary of hypermedia visionary Ted Nelson’s 1974 manifesto, Computer Lib/Dream Machines”“copies of his Swarthmore College mimeograph magazines, and most impressive of all—several vintage computers running copies of various Xanadu implementations.”“Ted Nelson was still alive at age 87, but unfortunately could not attend.”“one of the attendees was one of the former Xanadu programmers from the Autodesk era”“he described how they prototyped Xanadu in Smalltalk … but then had to cross-compile it to C++ and compile that… which took about a week to compile.”“I briefly poked at the Xanadu PCs, impressed that they were running at all, but I and most of the party-goers bounced off them. The UI was too alien.”“But I didn’t need to use them much to look at the screen displaying the stereotypical Project Xanadu demo, the opening of the Book of Genesis with its famous lines zig-zagging off to the right to denote transclusions or commentary on passages, and have a sudden realization: “Oh my god—It’s completely unreadable.””“None of the ‘sidenotes’ were readable because the screen was so small. Even as you simply scrolled, for many possible positions, due to the lines you were unable to read anything!”“the UI wasn’t the real problem; and the problem, for all these many decades, wasn’t the team either. The whole concept of side-by-side range transclusions is a solution in search of a problem.” 那位程序员作者未具名，本文不猜。编译一周是这位程序员三十多年后的口述，经 Gwern 转述。 ↩

22. Nathan Sobo，Xanadu Was Waiting for Agents，Zed 公司博客，2026 年 9 月 1 日，原话 “Ted Nelson has been on my mind a lot this year.”“To be xanalogical is to follow two rules: Never copy, always reference (also known by a Nelsonism, transclusion). Never overwrite, always version.”“He couldn’t build Xanadu because most of its parts didn’t exist, such as a way to name content that no authority issues, or storage cheap enough to never delete.”“Wired depicted Nelson’s story as one of mismanagement, but I think he’d just specified Xanadu decades before its dependency tree existed.”“On one detail — across a career of being told his dreams were too big — Nelson dreamt too small. The final dependency he was missing was a new kind of user.”“Sixty years is a long time for an idea to wait for its users. They’re here now.” 同站 “Introducing Delta” 一文标 2026 年 8 月 12 日。这是一家公司介绍自家产品的博客，正文照此交代，不视为对 Xanadu 历史的独立研究。 ↩

23. 这一段是作者本人的判断，不出自史料。各方归因分别见 wired、paper99、open2014、party、zed 脚注，“一个星期的编译”是那位老程序员讲的困难，Gwern 转述时并未说他把失败归于此，正文的并列是本文的简化。“每一条承诺都要有人替整个系统担保”依据 Samuelson 与 Glushko 1991 年论文对 Xanadu 模型的转述（文档不可撤回、按字节计费、链接作为作品）与 Berners-Lee 1992 年 7 月 15 日关于分布式情况下做不了双向链接的信，两者均见 第三篇。“一个代码仓库里本来就有担保人”是本文的推测，Sobo 原文没有这样说，他把原因归于零件与用户。 ↩